In France, the beginning of a new artistic sensibility is generally dated to after the death of Victor Hugo (1885). However, the musical transformation began at different times. As early as 1871, the Société nationale de musique was founded, freeing French chamber and orchestral music from the dominance of opera. The development of an independent musical language, uninfluenced by German music, took further time.
César Franck viewed this change primarily as an expression of self-confidence rather than mere technical refinement. After years of composing sacred music, he turned to secular works, encouraged by "la bande à Franck," a group of loyal students, to pursue his own artistic path. Franck, an organist with a significant legacy, created important compositions such as the Piano Quintet, first performed in 1880. The premiere of Saint-Saëns' first violin sonata in October 1885 inspired Franck to explore new musical ideas.
While Saint-Saëns' sonata begins energetically, Franck allows his music to linger in a dreamy atmosphere. The opening sounds are reminiscent of the "Moonlight Sonata," and his unusual structural approach underscores Franck's originality. The Vierne Sonata, completed later, demonstrates Vierne's skill and expressiveness with its contrapuntal fugal writing and thematic richness. In each movement of his sonata, Vierne's humor, refined compositional technique, and dramatic arcs of tension are revealed.
The esteemed violinist and composer Eugène Ysaÿe struck a new direction with his Poème élégiaque, inspired by Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. The dark timbres and dramatic turns reflect the tragic tomb scene, while the leitmotif structure and harmony recall Fauré. Ysaÿe's work combines traditional techniques with innovative modulations, thereby creating a unique sound world.
These compositions, which pay homage to the musical achievements of the 19th century, are characterized by complex structures and profound expressiveness. Despite criticism from some avant-garde figures like Jean Cocteau, they form a bridge between tradition and modernity. Lili Boulanger's Nocturne, though not associated with this movement, hints at a shift in the French musical landscape with its clear lines and ironic elements.
And now, after this musical feast, perhaps a sorbet?